MCQs:

1. How did print culture contribute to the French Revolution?

   – A) By supporting the monarchy

   – B) By spreading Enlightenment ideas that criticized traditional authority

   – C) By discouraging political debates

   – D) By promoting religious orthodoxy

2. Which Enlightenment thinker’s ideas were widely read during the French Revolution?

   – A) Isaac Newton

   – B) Galileo Galilei

   – C) Voltaire

   – D) Leonardo da Vinci

3. What role did underground literature play in pre-revolutionary France?

   – A) It celebrated the monarchy

   – B) It focused solely on scientific discoveries

   – C) It mocked royalty and criticized the moral authority of the elite

   – D) It discouraged revolutionary activities

4. Which of the following best describes the public culture created by print during the French Revolution?

   – A) Encouraged conformity to traditional values

   – B) Promoted silence on political matters

   – C) Fostered dialogue, debate, and critical thinking

   – D) Limited access to knowledge

Answers and Explanations:

1. B) By spreading Enlightenment ideas that criticized traditional authority – Print culture helped spread revolutionary ideas challenging the monarchy and Church.

2. C) Voltaire – Voltaire’s writings criticized despotism and promoted reason, influencing revolutionary thought.

3. C) It mocked royalty and criticized the moral authority of the elite – Underground literature played a key role in spreading anti-monarchy sentiments.

4. C) Fostered dialogue, debate, and critical thinking – Print culture created a public sphere where ideas were debated openly.